Chapter 54 Essay

Chapter 54 Community EcologyConcept 54.1 Community interactions are classify by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved.1.What is a community? come six organisms that would be found in your schoolyard community.2.This class will look at interspecific interactions. Be clear on the meaning of the prefix To begin, distinguish between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition. Give an example of from each one.Type ofCompetitionExplanation slipintraspeciescompetitionInterspecificcompetition3.What is G. F. Gauses competitive exclusion linguistic rule? Give one example.4.Define ecological turning point.5.Several species of Anolis lizards live in the comparable types of trees and have a similar diet. Discussresource partitioning to rationalize how interspecific competition is reduced. (Study Figure 54.2.)6.What is the difference between the fundamental niche and the realized niche?7.Study Figure 54.5, and then explain what is meant by charact er displacement. (To do this, you will have to learn or layaboutvass the difference between sympatric populations and allopatric populations. You will find this nurture in Chapter 24.)8.Predation is a term that you plausibly already know. Can you stop examples of some predator- target area combinations as listed below?PredatorPrey puppetAnimalAnimal layFungusAnimalBacteriaAnimalFungusExamplePlant9.List three special adaptations that predator species possess for obtaining food.10.List three ways prey species elude predators.11.Compare the ii types of mimicry.Type of MimicryBatesianMllerianDescriptionExample12.What is herbivory?13.Did you list any special herbivore adaptations for predation in your response to forefront 9? Or plant adaptations to avoid herbivory? List 2 adaptations for each category here.14.Describe and overstep an example of each of the following interactionsType of interactionDescriptionExamplesymbiosisparasitismcommensalism mutualism15.Which category above includes the another(prenominal) three? Note that other texts may define this term to a greater extent narrowly.16.Your text uses +/ symbols to indicate how interspecific interactions affect survival and reproduction of the two species. Use this notation for each of these interactions.Type of Interactionpredationcommensalismmutualismparasitisminterspecific competitionherbivory+/+, +/, /, +/017.What is species assortment? What are its two components? wherefore is it important?18.What does an ecologist summarize in a food web?19.Know the levels of trophic structure in food chemical chains. Give a food chain here, including four links that might be found in a prairie community, and tell the level for each organism.20.Name every organism in the visualized food chain, and give the trophic level in the box.21.According to the energetic hypothesis, why are food chains limited in length? How such(prenominal) energy is typically transferred to each higher level?22.What is a overabund ant species? For the area where you live, what would be considered a dominant tree species?24.Name one anchor species, and explain the effect its removal has on the ecosystem.25. apologise facilitator or foundation species and give an example.You may omit bottom-up and top-down controls.Concept 54.3- Disturbance influences species diversity and composition 26.What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? Give an example of a disturbance event, and explain the effect it has on the community.27.Ecological successiveness is the changes in species that touch on an area after a disturbance. What is the difference between uncomplicated succession and secondary succession?Concept 54.4 Biogeographic factors affect community biodiversity 28.Explain latitudinal gradients in terms of species richness. Where is species richness greatest?29.There are probably two key factors in latitudinal gradients. List and explain both(prenominal) here, and put a star next to the one that is probably the primary cause of the latitudinal difference in biodiversity.30.Explain what is demonstrated by a species-area curve.31.Renowned American ecologists Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson developed a moulding of island biogeography. While the model can be demonstrated with islands, any isolated habitat represents an island. What are the two factors that determine the number of species on the island?32.What two physical features of the island affect in-migration and extinction rates?33.Why do small islands have lower in-migration rates? Higher extinction rates?34.Closer islands have35.What is the island equilibrium model?36.Use this model to describe how an islands size and distance from the mainland affect the islands species richness.extinction rates andimmigration rates.Concept 54.4 Community ecology is utilizable for understanding pathogen life cycles and controlling human disease37.Lets clout a couple of ideas from this section What is a pathogen?38.What is a zoonotic pathogen? List three examples.39.What is a vector? List three examples.