Scarlet Letter Essays (819 words) - Fiction, The Scarlet Letter

Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne was a beautiful, young, tall woman with shiny dark hair, piercing black eyes, and a beautiful complexion. She was living in Amsterdam with her husband, Roger Chillingworth, until he sent her to America alone while he cleared up business matters. In America, Hester had a love affair with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale and realized she was pregnant with his baby. Nobody realized who the father was, so the Reverend couldn't be punished. However, Hester was forced to wear a large scarlet A(representing Adultery) on her dress. It was a well-known symbol, so everybody knew she had committed adultery and were astonished. This was because adultery was a sin explained in the Seventh Commandment. Hester felt ashamed. After she completed community service, she truly learned her lesson and her citizens accepted her once again. She was also permitted back into Boston after her daughter married and the father of the baby died. She then became a reverend figure whom people confided in and received sympathy from. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale was young, very pale, and his body was fragile. He had large, caring eyes and a sweet, youthful personality women adored. He was shy and mainly kept to himself. Reverend Dimmesdale was deeply loved by his congregation because of his emotional way of speaking. Being a well-educated, trustworthy, highly admired pastor, no one suspected him to be the father of Hester's baby. Finally, his conscience fell into play and he admitted to his sin. Immediately after confessing, he passed away. Roger Chillingworth was Hester's husband. He was small and thin with dim eyes, a wrinkled face, and deformed shoulders(one was higher than the other). To me, he made an awkward couple with Hester, considering she was considered gorgeous. After he cleared his business matters in Amsterdam, he attempted to join his wife, Hester Prynne, in America. However, he was captured by Indians. By the time he reached his wife, 2 years since he last saw her, she was already up on the scaffold. He visited her in prison and pleaded for her not to reveal the fact he was her husband. He'd be ashamed to marry a disgrace people looked down on. However, he too should have been ashamed. He also committed sins. The first was marrying Hester. Although she had no desire to become hitched to him, he ignored that fact. The love was unrequited. The other sin was when he judged Reverend Dimmesdale and spent hours scheming up plots to make him lose his sanity, while he pretended to be his loyal friend. Pearl was the illegitimate daughter of Hester and Reverend Dimmesdale. Her name was chosen because she was brought into the world at a great price and she's "all Hester had". She was a beautiful girl with "a bright complexion, eyes possessing depth and glow, and glossy, shiny hair." She was graceful and had perfect shape. Her personality was just as perfect. She was extremely smart, imaginative, and determined, so she was most likely to be a huge success. She also showed responsibility. When Hester intentionally tried to lose her scarlet A, it was Pearl who insisted Hester kept it. She was significant because she was a reminder of Hester's love affair and sins. When Chillingworth died, Pearl got a large inheritance. At the end of the book, Pearl was supposedly living in Europe with a member of the nobility as her husband. However, nobody knew exactly where she had gone. The mysterious letters that arrived at Hester's cottage gave the townspeople only vague hints. Master Brackett was the keeper of the prison. He was old with dim eyes and a wrinkly face. He was mentioned only for a short amount of time in the book. He brought Roger Chillingworth to Hester while she was in prison. Also, he smiled and nodded at Pearl and Hester while everybody waited for the Election Day festivities to begin. The Commander was the captain on the ship Hester and Reverend Dimmesdale hoped to board. He was in his middle ages. He made Hester realize Roger Chillingworth would be sailing with Pearl, Reverend Dimmesdale, and Hester herself. Governor Bellingham was the one who witnessed Hester's punishment on the scaffold. A pious Puritan, Governor Bellingham represented political authority in Boston. He was a wealthy, elderly gentleman who spent much of his time consulting with other authority figures such as Dimmesdale. Because he was sympathetic, Hester pleaded to him not to let Pearl be taken away from her. Mistress Hibbins - Mistress Hibbins was Governor Bellingham's sister. She lived in the

Catnip essay essays

Catnip essay essays Catnip is not only used to help cats amuse themselves; it has many other uses to. It is an herb found in medicines and helps warn off mosquitoes. You can even grow it in your own home. Catnip can help you in your daily life when you learn how to use it correctly. It would be great to grow in an herb garden but, dont mistake it for a weed. Nepta Cataria (catnip) is a perennial plant belonging to the mint family. It is a native of Eurasia that went wild and now flourishes everywhere. It grows about two feet tall and has sturdy stems bearing furry, heart shaped, grayish-green leaves. The flowers are white or lilac and occur in several clusters toward the tips of the branch. Many people like the way it looks and smells and like to grow it themselves. It is easily grown in any garden soil, with little care because it does not require the moisture that other mint plants need. The seed should be planted very thinly in rows twenty inches apart and the seedlings thinned out twenty inches apart in the rows. A bed will last several years. Bruised or recently transplanted plants are most likely to get eaten by cats. The herb is harvested in middle to late summer, late in the morning when all dew is gone. The leaves are stripped from the stems and dried as soon as possible. It is then used for many different types of things. Catnip has many uses; one of which we all know it is a harmless high for felines and is used in cat toys. Loins, pumas, leopards and house cats bite, chew and roll into catnip to release the irresistible, intoxicating oil trapped in the leaves. How ever if your cat eats the stem or leaves off of the plant it will result in behavioral changes making it act drunk or wild. They may also vomit or have diarrhea. Not long ago researchers found out that nepetalactone, the oil that cats react to is ten times more effective than DEET- the compound in most commercial insect repellents ...

Homoeostasis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homoeostasis - Essay Example Hence, insulin helps to maintain the blood glucose at optimum level after a healthy person consumes a high sugar meal. The body will convert glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle into glucose to ensure there is enough blood glucose available to a healthy person when they have not had a meal for the twelve hours. The pancreas releases glucagon to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen. The muscle cells convert glycogen stored in the skeletal muscle. On the other hand, several enzymes catalyse the process of converting liver glycogen into glucose. Majorly, glycogen phosphorylase plays a huge role in the glycogen breakdown (Berg, Tymoczko, and Stryer 2006, p. 434). After twenty-four hours of glucose deprivation, the body generates glucose from non-carbohydrate substrate through the process of gluconeogenesis (Berg, Tymoczko, and Stryer 2006, p. 458). The process occurs in the liver and utilises energy. The temperature control in the people with type 1 diabetes is paramount. The high temperatures generated by cycling can have adverse effects such as nerve damage to the person who forgets insulin injection. The body will attempt to lower the high temperatures caused by inability to sweat exhibited by type 1 diabetic patients (Petrofsky et al 2005, p. 3). Notably, the smooth muscles of blood vessels will dilate to increase the blood flow to the skin surface. The increased flow of blood to the surface will lead to the loss of the excess body

Brilliance in the Basics of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Brilliance in the Basics of Leadership - Essay Example For instance, leadership demands that the leaders, before practicing their decisions, discuss them with parties which are going to be affected by their decisions, so as to make them feel respected. The substantive aspect of leadership includes knowledge, tough standards and guts to pursue directions regardless of opposition. Brown, Travino and Harrison (2005) assert that â€Å"leadership predicts outcomes such as perceived effectiveness of leaders, followers’ job satisfaction and dedication, and their willingness to report problems to management†. Hence, if the leadership is thriving, capable and bright, then the outcome is more prolific than anticipated. What does it mean to me? This explanation of the concept of leadership itself explains why the brilliance in the basics of leadership is important to me or any other person who wants to see his/her organization flourishing. I believe that the accomplishment of an organization depends mainly on value-based actions and d ecisions. A good leader takes care of his employees so as to preserve a vigorous environment within the organization. Some basics in this aspect are that the leader verifies that the salaries are being paid in time, pursues a system of rewards and bonuses, listens to the employees’ troubles and tries to remove them. ... He knows that he has to abide by the rules and regulations he has agreed upon while signing a contract and will never back off. Brilliance in these basics adds to the progress of the organization. I also believe in the fact that brilliance in the basics of leadership makes the newcomers follow the way the leaders work and behave in the organization. A good leader will always show such an attitude at the workplace that inspires others to follow his directions. Also, the ultimate goal of the leadership is to create such teams that work effectively to produce greater results. The most important thing is consideration about internal and external communication. When a leader wants that employees participate in a vigorous collaborative environment where they interrelate with each other in a better way to share their ideas and information, he takes steps to improve his communication with the workers, listen to their problems, talk to them and work out their issues. Workers will automaticall y start following him and the overall organizational culture will improve. This is the transformational leadership in which the leaders produce such an effect on their subordinates that they inflict a â€Å"transforming effect† on them, thus, producing far-reaching changes in organizations. Now, let me discuss what other basics of leadership are important to me and why. Among substantive virtues of leadership, the following basics are very important. Values By understanding and polishing my basic values, I can develop a sense of moral duty of working for the betterment of myself and of the society. Voice This includes the practice of getting people acquainted with our inner beliefs, ideas and standards so that they get

Web 2.0. The second generation of the World Wide Web Essay Example for Free

Web 2.0. The second generation of the World Wide Web Essay Web 2. 0 is the term given to describe a second generation of the World Wide Web that is focused on the ability for people to collaborate and share information online. Web 2. 0 basically refers to the transition from static HTML Web pages to a more dynamic Web that is more organized and is based on serving Web applications to users. Other improved functionality of Web 2. 0 includes open communication with an emphasis on Web-based communities of users, and more open sharing of information. Over time Web 2. 0 has been used more as a marketing term than a computer-science-based term. Blogs, wikis, and Web services are all seen as components of Web 2. 0. Web 2. 0 was previously used as a synonym for Semantic Web, but while the two are similar, they do not share precisely the same meaning What is Web 2. 0 technology? Web 2. 0 is the term used to describe a variety of web sites and applications that allow anyone to create and share online information or material they have created. A key element of the technology is that it allows people to create, share, collaborate communicate. Web 2. 0 differs from other types of websites as it does not require any web design or publishing skills to participate, making it easy for people to create and publish or communicate their work to the world. The nature of this technology makes it an easy and popular way to communicate information to either a select group of people or to a much wider audience. The University can make use of these tools to communicate with students, staff and the wider academic community. It can also be an effective way to communicate and interact with students and research colleagues. There are number of different types of web 2. 0 applications including wikis, blogs, social networking, folksonomies, podcasting content hosting services. Many of the most popular websites are Web 2. 0 sites such as Wikipedia, YouTube, Facebook, MySpace, Flickr. Web 2. 0 (or Web 2) is the popular term for advanced Internet technology and applications including blogs, wikis, RSS and social bookmarking. The two major components of Web 2. are the technological advances enabled by Ajax and other new applications such as RSS and Eclipse and the user empowerment that they support Tim OReilly is generally credited with inventing the term, following a conference dealing with next-generation Web concepts and issues held by OReilly Media and MediaLive International in 2004. OReilly Media has subsequently been energetic about trying to copyright Web 2. 0 and holds an annual conference of the same name. There is, however, some dispute about whether OReilly is responsible for the original coinage. Joe Firmage, for instance, used Web 2. 0 to describe using the World Wide Web as a platform in 2003. One of the most significant differences between Web 2. 0 and the traditional World Wide Web (retroactively referred to as Web 1. 0) is greater collaboration among Internet users and other users, content providers, and enterprises. Originally, data was posted on Web sites, and users simply viewed or downloaded the content. Increasingly, users have more input into the nature and scope of Web content and in some cases exert real-time control over it. For example, multiple-vendor online book outlets such as BookFinder4U make it possible for users to upload book reviews as well as find rare and out-of-print books at a minimum price, and dynamic encyclopedias such as Wikipedia allow users to create and edit the content of a worldwide information database in multiple languages. Internet forums have become more extensive and led to the proliferation of blogging. The dissemination of news evolved into RSS. There is no clear-cut demarcation between Web 2. 0 and Web 1. 0 technologies, hardware and applications. The distinction is, to a large extent, subjective. Here are a few characteristics often noted as descriptive of Web 2. 0: * blogging * Ajax and other new technologies * Google Base and other free Web services * RSS-generated syndication * social bookmarking * mash-ups * wikis and other collaborative applications * dynamic as opposed to static site content * interactive encyclopedias and dictionaries * ease of data creation, modification or deletion by individual users * advanced gaming. Critics of Web 2. 0 maintain that it makes it too easy for the average person to affect online content and that, as a result, the credibility, ethics and even legality of Web content could suffer. Defenders of Web 2. 0 point out that these problems have existed ever since the infancy of the medium and that the alternative widespread censorship based on ill-defined elitism would be far worse. The final judgment concerning any Web content, say the defenders, should be made by end users alone. Web 2. 0 reflects evolution in that direction. Some industry pundits are already claiming that Web 2. 0 is merely a transitional phase between the early days of the World Wide Webs existence and a more established phase theyre calling Web 3. 0.

Lighvan Cheese: Physicochemical and Organoleptic Properties

Lighvan Cheese: Physicochemical and Organoleptic Properties Physicochemical and organoleptic properties of Lighvan cheese fortified with Protulaca Oleracea seed oil Majid Keyvani, Marzieh Bolandi Abstract Cheese has high nutritional value in human health although is naturally poor in essential fatty acids. Essential fatty acids revealed crucial roles in nutritional diet and have been suggested as disease prevention agent. Protulaca Oleracea (purslane) has considerable amounts of omega 3, 6 and 9 fatty acids as well as magnesium, potassium and vitamin C. The aim of this study is production and characterization of Lighvan cheese fortified with Protulaca Oleracea seed oil. Results indicated that increasing of Protulaca Oleracea seed oil caused significant increased omega 3, 6 and 9 concentration in cheese (p0.05). Lighvan cheese containing 2.5% Protulaca Oleracea (purslane) seed oil showed the highest sensory attributes. Key words: Omega 3, 6 and 9 fatty acids, Lighvan cheese, Protulaca Oleracea seed oil, Fortification Introduction Cheese is the dairy product which has been considered as important food as a point of nutritional value. Cheese has been produced by traditional procedures since past years ago in Iran. Lighvan cheese, the semi-hard cheese, is the most popular traditional cheese made from raw sheep’s milk in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Lighavan cheese is characterized by high taste acceptability and considerable amounts of proteins especially casein which is beneficial for indigestion disease [1] but it is naturally poor in essential fatty acids. A large body of scientific reports suggests that high essential fatty acids dietary intake associated with health and reductions in cardiovascular diseases. Protucala Oleracea is an herb, known as purslane, which has considerable amount of poly unsaturated fatty acids. Purslane has been considered as rich sources of antioxidants, Vitamin A,B,C and E, beta carotene and essential amino acids as well as minerals such as potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron [5,8]. Fatty acid composition of purslane contains palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n9c), linoleic acid (C18:2 n6c) and ÃŽ ±-linoleic acid (C18:3 n3). ÃŽ ±-Linolenic acid is an ω3 fatty acid that is essential in the human diet as a precursor for the synthesis of longer chain fatty acids and the prostaglandin group of mammalian hormones. Oil seeds such as brassica, flax and soya are main sources of linoleic acid and particularly purslane seed contains considerable amounts of linoleic acids [10]. There are several reports in the literature corresponding to the health effects of omega 3 fatty acids on cholesterol reduction, arthritis treatment, mental depr ession therapy , burns healing and prevention of cancer cells growth[3]. Studies on omega 3 fortification of dairy products using fish oil have been found in the literature. However, the major problem with this kind of fortification is unacceptable sensory properties. The objectives of this study are i) to formulate of Lighvan cheese with purslane oil extract and ii) to study the effects of purslane fortification on characteristics of Lighvan cheese. Materials and Methods Materials Sheep milk was provided from Almalo village, Sahandabad county, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Composition of sheep milk was 7.1% fat, 5.7% protein and 18.2% [M1]total solids. Renin was purchased from Mitoy company, Japan and salt was purchased from Pars Kaveh company, Iran. Purslane seeds provided from Mashhad traditional market and oil was extracted by cold press method. Cheese preparation About 24 kilograms of sheep milk were hygienically filtered at 30  °C and then divided into four portions in steel containers. Purslane seed oil was mixed with sheep milk at three ratio of 1:5, 2:5 and 3:5 using Blender (MJ-176NR, National, Japan). Then rennet was added to sheep milk in order to curd formation after one hour. The curds were pressed in textile filter in order to separate whey. The curds were then cut longitudinally and transversally and pressed again to remove residue whey. The curds were moulded and placed in 15% salt brine after 3 hours. Finally, the moulded curds salted and stored in 11% salt brine at 8 ±2  °C for 3 months for ripening. Physicochemical analysis Physicochemical properties of cheese samples evaluated according to the national standards of cheese including number 1753 for total solids determination, number 2852 for pH and acidity determination, number 760 for fat determination and number 1811 for protein determination[M2]. Fatty acid composition Fatty acid composition of purslane oil and fortified cheese analyzed using gas chromatography[M3]. YL Model6100 GC equipped with flame ionization detector was used. Characterization of capillary column (TR-CN100) was with 0.2 micrometer internal diameter, 0.25 micrometer thin coating and 30 meter length at 80 to 200 ° C temperature. The GC was operated with helium carrier gas with 99.99% purity. Sensory properties The sensory quality of cheese sample was evaluated by a 15 member panelist group who were skilled with quality attributes of food products. Panelists scored for sensory characteristics including color, odor, texture, internal and external appearance using a five point hedonic scale (1; very bad to 5; excellent). Statistical analysis The means of treatments were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level using SPSS 16 software. Sensory results were analyzed using nonparametric Fridman test at 0.05 significant levels. All analysis was performed at three replications. Results and Discussion Effects of purslane seed oil on physicochemical properties: The results of physicochemical analysis were shown in Table 1. The results indicated that the efficiency of cheese making increased as purslane oil concentration increased. The efficiency of cheese making depends on milk type, fat content, total solid (milk density), milk temperature (temperature of inoculation), the amount of rennet, rennet coagulation capacity, removed whey content, molding pressure and salting. Table 1: Cheese making efficiency[M4] Cheese + 3.5% PO Cheese + 2.5% PO Cheese + 1.5% PO1 Control Treatments 39.33% 37.33% 36.83% 34.83% Efficiency 1: purslane oil There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between pH and acidity of samples due to purslane oil addition however, the significant reduction in pH and acidity after aging process was observed (p Table 2: pH and acidity of cheese samples Values are recorded as mean  ± standard deviation Means followed by different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p The results of moisture, fat, salt and protein contents of cheese samples were shown in Table 3. The results revealed that the highest fat content related to cheese containing 3.5% purslane oil. The more purslane oil concentration caused significant more fat content (p0.05) [7]. Salt concentration in brine and consequent osmotic pressure caused penetration of salt into cheese and resulted in equilibrium which led to moisture loss during aging [2]. Results showed that moisture content of fortified cheese with purslane oil decreased before aging as purslane oil increased, however there is no significant difference between moisture content of cheese containing 1.5 and 2.5% purslane oil (p>0.05) . In fact, increasing of fat content resulted in more fat in dry matter and subsequent less moisture content which led to reduced lipolysis [7]. Previous studies revealed that moisture content didn’t substituted as much as reduced fat in low fat cheese [9]. Salt content of samples decreased as purslane oil increased which can explained by preventing role of purslane oil from penetration of salt into cheese structure. In fact, fat globules fasten capillary structure and extend penetration duration so cheese contained more fat content needs more time for salt diffusion into cheese [6]. Salt content of cheese increased during aging because of cheese curds storing in salt brine [2]. Protein content of cheese decreased significantly (p Table 3: Chemical properties of cheese samples Values are recorded as mean  ± standard deviation Means followed by different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p Gas chromatography The results of gas chromatography were shown in Table 4. The considerable amounts of omega fatty acids especially omega-3 fatty acids in purslane oil was observed and the omega-6 to omega-3 ration calculated as 1.5 which is an ideal ratio. Table 3: GC results of purslane oil[M5] The results indicated that purslane oil addition caused significant increase in omega 3, 6 and 9 (p Table 5: Omega fatty acids of cheese samples Values are recorded as mean  ± standard deviation Means followed by different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p Sensory properties Sensory assessment of cheese fortified with purslane oil is presented in Figure1. The panelists marked the lowest scores of flavor, aroma and appearance (color) for cheese containing 3.5% purslane oil and the cheese contained 3.5% purslane oil obtained the lowest total acceptability score. Porous structure is texture characteristic of Lighvan cheese. Different aroma is the other characteristic of Lighvan cheese which is related to sheep milk and microorganisms activity. It was expected that purslane oil covered the special aroma of Lighvan cheese because of distinct odor of purslane oil. The panelist distinguish particular aroma of purslane oil only at 3.5% concentration level. The individual flavor is another characteristic of Lighvan cheese which is correlated to sheep milk and bacteria activity. Purslane oil affected flavor of Lighvan cheese especially at 3.5% concentration level. The fortified cheese contained 3.5% purslane oil seemed darker than the other treatments. Figure 1: Sensory properties of cheese samples Conclusion This study exhibited the possibility of purslane oil as omega essential fatty acid source in traditional Lighvan cheese formulation without undesirable altering of physicochemical and organoleptic properties. Purslane seed oil could enrich omega-3, 6 and 9 fatty acids content of cheese considerably. Increasing of pursiline oil in formulation lead to increased omega fatty acid content although cheese contained 3.5% purslane oil didn’t obtain acceptable sensory characteristics and 2.5% purslane oil concentration showed better organoleptic properties. [M6] References Aminifar, M.Hamedi, M.Emamjomeh, Z.mehdinia,A. 2010. Microstructural , Compositional And Textural Properties During Ripening Of Lighvan Cheese, A Traditional Raw Sheep Cheese. Journal of Texture Studies 41 (2010) 579–593. Azcona, J.O.Garcia, P.T,Cossu, M.E.Iglesias, B.F.Picallo, A.Perez, C.Gallinger, C.I. Schang ,M.J.Cane,Z.E.t. 2008. Meat quality of Argentinean â€Å"Camperos† chicken enhanced in omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids.Meat Science, 79 :437–443 Brunner, J.R.1981. Cow milk proteins: Twenty five years of progress.J. Dairy Sci.64:1038-1050 De Lorgwril, M., Salen, P., Laporte, F. and Delriris, j. (2001). Alpha-linolenic acid in prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease. European Heart Journal Supplement 3(4):26-32 Gà ¶sta Bylund, M.Sc.1995. Dairy processing handbook. Tetra Pak. 8,320 Ghotbi, M. Soleymanian zade, S. sheikh zeyneddin, M. 2010. Identification of L. pentosus, L. paraplantarum and L. plantarum in Lighvan cheese, Research Journal of Food Science and Technology of Iran 6 (2): 145-148 Kavas, G. Oysun,G. Kinik, O.Vysal, H. 2004. Effects of some fat replacer on chemical, physical and sensory attributes of low-fat white pickled cheese. Food Chemistry, 88:381-388 Rubatzky, E. V. and Yamagughi, M. (1997). World Vegetables:Principles, Production and Nutritive Values. Chaman Hall, 834 pp. Rudan, MA.Barbano, DM.Yun, JJ. Kindstedt, PS.1999. Effect of fat content reduction on chemical composition, proteolysis, functionality, and yield of Mozzarella. J Dairy Sci, 82: 661-672 Salunkhe, D, K. and Kadam, S, S. (1998). Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology. Marcel Deker, INC. 727 PP. [M1]include detail of the method of milk analysis [M2]Include appropriate international standard with a reference [M3]Include detail of analysis and reference [M4]How making efficiency was determined [M5]All the oil transfer to the oil Calculate it [M6]Conflict of interest should be included Cubism Artists: Pablo Picasso and George Braque Cubism Artists: Pablo Picasso and George Braque In Paris around 1907, Pablo Picasso and George Braque broke away from centuries of traditional western art. The single viewpoint had been exhausted, it was cast aside. A new analytical system was put in its place. They revitalized the way they worked by re engaging with expressive energetic art from lost cultures (especially African art). This was refreshing as religion and superficial extravagance were not part of this movement. Paul Gauguin, the French impressionist, probably had a lot do with this. His work was heavily influenced by the native culture of Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands. By viewing a subject from many angles it created this cubist effect. Almost like the image itself were living and moving. Pre 20th century, most paintings had always been still and flat, granted many were incredibly life like but they were lacking in energy. Influential French art critique Louis Vauxcelles attributed the terms Fauvism (1905) and Cubism (1908).He described cubism as a geometric simplification of natural shapes and images. Upon seeing one of Braques paintings he said, M.Braque scorns form and reduces everything, sites, figures and Roman houses in geometric diagrams, to cubes U. Apollonio, Materializing Space, in Braque, P. 4. Cubists wanted to create pictures that went beyond geometry or perspective. The idea of relativity the notion of movement on a flat surface was introduced. Artist fused both their observations and memories into the one image. But in order to do this the Cubists examined the way that we see. Artists were free from the use of perspective and accuracy. Tonal range and lighting was no longer heavily relied on but the representation of natural and fake textures made a lot of cubist art works appear tactile even though the surface of the canvas remained flat. Unlike the abstract artists of the same period, the aim was not to create an image without a distinct form, but to create a completely new way to represent images figuratively and realistically. In the beginning there were many very simple images of subject matter being used e.g. someone silting alone in an empty room with a window and the glimpse of an industrial landscape outside. But, as more boundaries were crossed and the classical styles of representation seemed but a distant memory away, mixed media started to take form in many of the cubists paintings. The importance of connecting reality to their paintings opened up a completely different way in which to connect with art. And as a result this heavily influenced many other artists and their styles, today this style has made a huge impact within the art world and advertising and we see this on a day to day basis. Cà ©zannes later works and tribal African art greatly influenced Braque and Picasso. A lot of tribal art appeared to be very stiff but they had such iconic faces. They were misleadingly flat to look at head on but if you looked at them from the side they were both curved and angular. During the far more analytical period of cubism we see a change in how shape is exposed. We begin to find shapes within shapes of all different sizes, textures and colours. Take Picassos Les Demoiselles dAvignon 1907 (MoMa) generally referred to as the first Cubist picture. This sarcastic representation of the female nude depicts a group of nudes in various poses. Some of the sharp disjointed angular faces look like tribal masks; this gives the nudes a feeling of masculinity rather than conventionally looking feminine. This reinvention of the nude is created without ordinary perspective but the picture does not look flat. On the contrary the angles, curves, lines and the sparing use of flesh tones thought the painting still allow you to see through all the shapes and into the picture itself. The several alternate angles on top of one another do confuse the eye somewhat. Picasso termed this as an indulgence of colour, using but a small range of colours, and only slight tonal shifts. Around 1912 people began to think that Braque and Picassos style was becoming predictable and all of their work was becoming too similar, so much so that more often than not, people couldnt tell their work apart from one another. They were becoming increasingly more abstract and the subject was lost to the eye. In an attempt to step back from the severe abstract paintings Picasso began to use more mixed media. He took images from the real world and pasted them in to his work. His painting Still Life with Chair Caning 1912 (Musà ©e Picasso, Paris) was the first example of this collage technique. A lot of Picassos paintings already embodied this effect of collage He used different types paint and medium instead of mixed media. Thus for himself and other artists the second phase of the Cubist style was born: Synthetic Cubism had begun and the analytical phase was over. The terms Analytic Cubism and Synthetic Cubism were popularized by Alfred H. Barr, Jr. (1902-1981) in his books on Cubism and Picasso. Alfred Barr was the first director of the Museum of Modern Art, New York. Synthetic Cubism embodied a lot of repetition and the overlaying and overlapping of shapes and colours creating a more geometrically simplified and flatter image. Synthetic cubism was very different from analytical, it was colourful and more direct, even though the work sometimes appeared more abstract. The geometric way of thinking had now been replaced by freehand, patterns, lines, textures, shading and colour, all used in a variety of different ways, were rather rhythmic as they danced around the canvas. Paper was used as an alternative to paint and real scores of music replaced hand drawn notation. Anything you could find from newspaper, advertisements and packaging to everyday products that we use were either directly pasted or painted onto canvas. This was considered the first form of Pop Art. Braque confesses when we did Cubism, we had no intention of Cubism, but to express what was in us. Even though Picasso and Braque are so alike what unites them is less important than what divides them. Who was to Blame for Wounded Knee? Who was to Blame for Wounded Knee? Who was to blame for Wounded Knee? On that terrible day, December 29, 1890, a little gun conflict sparked the saddest event in Indian history. The veterans of the 7th cavalry were blinded by excitement. Warriors, squaws, children, dogs or even friendly soldiers all went down alike before the flailing fire. An infant dropped onto the ground from its mother embrace as the gushing blood from her lung’s bullet wound splashed across its innocent face. Even after the commotion ended, the soldiers called out to survivors promising them safety. The moment a boy came out of his hideout, he was butchered by bullets from over ten men. 250 unarmed Indians were killed mercilessly. That day, there was no battle or honor, only a shameful massacre at the Wounded Knee. Those to blame for the massacre were The US government for their indifference as well as bias toward the cavalry’s action, the 7th cavalry for their cruelty and Colonel James W. Forsyth for his commands as well as placement of troops. To begin with, the US government and the 7th cavalry had no right to interfere with the Indian. There was a treaty protecting these Indians. Even though the government used the Ghost dance as a reason, the Ghost dance was less like a solid reason and more like an excuse to send troops into the reservation First, consider treaty of Fort Laramie. The Treaty of Fort Laramieor theSioux Treaty of 1868 was an agreement between the  United Statesand the  Miniconjou, Oglala, and  Brulà ©Ã‚  bands of  Lakota people signed on April 29, 1868 at  Fort Laramie  in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing the Lakota ownership of the  Black Hills, as well as hunting rights and further land in  South Dakota,  Montana, and  Wyoming. The  Powder River Countryor the reservation area as a whole was to be â€Å"closed to all whites†. Pine Ridge reservation was part of the treaty promised Indian land. The 7th cavalry intercepted  Spotted Elks band of  Miniconjou Lakota and Hunkpapa  Lakota near  Porcupine Butte  and forced them to move to Wounded Knee Creek. Both Porcupine Butte and Wounded knee creek were in Pine Ridge reservation. Hence, the 7th cavalry was violating the treaty statement that the land would be â€Å"closed to all whites† Consider the US government and the 7th Cavalry excuses that the Ghost dance could cause troubles and uprising. The Paiute prophet Wovoka simply used Ghost Dance as a dream in which the Indians could dwell in. They danced and experienced visions of loved ones returning, , of their ancestors and of the buffalo that once thrive but now no more in the plains, and of the disappearance of oppressive whites. The Ghost Shirts were believed by some to deflect the bullets of the whites, but most danced because they dreamt of renewal and an end to the reservation system. The Ghost Dance doubtlessly frightened many whites in the region, and created many rumors. However, there were no incidents of raiding outside the newly established reservation boundaries; The U.S. governments response by sending over half the entire U.S. Army to the reservations including the 7th cavalry was without doubt groundless and unjustified. Next, the 7th cavalry’s and Colonel James W. Forsyth’s intentions were clearly not peaceful. While there was conflict and tension during the event prelude to the massacre, the soldiers were well trained and prepared for necessary retaliation. However, evidence pointed out that they over-retaliated on purpose. The supporting evidences were that the 7th cavalry was scarred by Indian force before, the placement of Hotchkiss guns was for mass-murder and the battle was initiated in close range Consider the background of the 7th cavalry; in 1873 the 7th Cavalry moved its garrison post to  Fort Abraham Lincoln,  Dakota Territory. Lieutenant Colonel  George A. Custerwas killed at the  Battle of the Little Bighorn  on 25 June 1876 with 211 men of the 7th Cavalry. The Nebraska State Journal on December 10, 1890, under the headline The Redskins RetreatWar Cloud Grows Darker, claimed that the Seventh Cavalry was fairly itching for a fight. These are the same Indians who mercilessly shot down the gallant Custer and 300 of the Seventh Cavalry on that memorable day of June 25, 1876 and it is safe to say the Sioux will receive no quarter from this famous regiment should an opportunity occur to wreak out vengeance for the blood taken at the battle of the Little Big Horn. The 7th cavalry was obviously setting the scene for the battle. Troopers escorted the Lakota about five miles westward from the original open plain to harder to escape fromWounded Knee Creek where they made camp. Later that evening, Col.James W. Forsyth  and the rest of the  7th Cavalry  arrived, bringing the number of troopers at Wounded Knee to 500. In contrast, there were 350 Indians: 230 men and 120 women and children. The troopers surrounded Spotted Elks encampment and set up four rapid-fire Hotchkiss-designed  M1875 Mountain Guns. The guns were placed on higher spot in all directions to guarantee that no Indian would escape from Wounded Knee creek. After the battle initiated, it was fought at close range; fully half the Indian men were killed or wounded before they had a chance to get off any shots. Some of the Indians grabbed rifles they had been hiding and opened fire on the soldiers. With no cover, and with many of the Lakota unarmed, this phase of the fighting lasted a few minutes at most. While the Indian warriors and soldiers were shooting at close range, other soldiers used the Hotchkiss guns against Black Elk  (1863–1950); medicine man, Oglala Lakota: I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of my old age, I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes young. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A peoples dream died there. It was a beautiful dreams the nations hope is broken and scattered. There is no center any longer, and the sacred tree is dead.[25] Finally, the US government and Forsyth openly supported the inhumane action of 7th cavalry. James w. Forsyth praised the massacre as a success. The US government awarded the men of 7th cavalry with Medal of Honor and the promotion of James W. Forsyth. The Indian war came to an end. The massacre was also praised by public. Perhaps, many white people at that time were also to be blame for the massacre. Colonel Forsyth was oblivious to any problem. His report, written on New Years Eve, expressed his admiration for the gallant conduct of my command in an engagement with a band of Indians in desperate condition, and crazed by religious fanaticism. The secretary of war evidently agreed with Forsyth, and Forsyth was reinstated, later rising to the rank of major general. U.S. approval of the action was further emphasized by awards of the Medal of Honor to three officers and fifteen enlisted men for their heroism at the Battle of Wounded Knee Creek. The American publics reaction to the battle at the time was generally favorable. Many non-Lakota living near the reservations interpreted the battle as the defeat of a murderous  cult; others confused  Ghost Dancers  with Native Americans in general. In an editorial response to the event, the young newspaper editor  L. Frank Baum, later the author of  The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, wrote in theAberdeen Saturday Pioneeron January 3, 1891: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extermination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. In this lies future safety for our settlers and the soldiers who are under incompetent commands. Otherwise, we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past.[32] Soon after the event,  Dewey Beard, his brother  Joseph Horn Cloud  and others formed the  Wounded Knee Survivors Association, which came to include descendants. They sought compensation from the U.S. government for the many fatalities and injured. Today the association is independent and works to preserve and protect the historic site from exploitation, and to administer any memorial erected there. Papers of the association (1890–1973) and related materials are held by the University of South Dakota and are available for research.[33]  It was not until the 1990s that a memorial to the Lakota was included in the  National Historic Landmark. In conclusion, the â€Å"massacre† at Wounded Knee creek was to be blame on the US government, the 7th Cavalry and James W. Forsyth. The US government broke the treaty using the Ghost Dance as an excuse and awarded these murderers openly. James W. Forsyth and the 7th Cavalry also deliberately planned and executed the massacre. Draw correlation between Wounded knee and the holocaust + other holocaust. People will do everything in their power to destroy minority. US land of freedom and diversity also have stigma of mistreating and massacre of the minority, Indians until today. The Problem of tyranny of majority occur in all level Country global personal the conflict of majority is in us. Will we let the voice of others or majority kill the minority like the Elkwood we be bland and One dimensional enjoy the diversity and color of lives.

Night World : The Chosen Chapter 12

The voice was shrill, almost hysterical. Unbalanced, Rashel thought dazedly, looking around. The sound of her secret being yelled out loud stunned her. But just for an instant. The next moment she was moving swiftly between the rows of girls, looking for†¦ â€Å"Nyala!† â€Å"I know why you're here!† Nyala sat up tensely. She looked just as she had when Rashel had seen her last, cocoa skin, queenly head, wide haunted eyes. She was even dressed in the same dark clothes she'd been wearing the night they caught Quinn. â€Å"You're here because you were in on it all along! You pretend to be a vampire hunter-â€Å" â€Å"Shut up!† Rashel said desperately. Nyala was shouting loud enough to be heard on the other side of the door. She knelt on Nyala's bed. â€Å"I'm not pretending, Nyala.† â€Å"Then how come you're free and we're all chained up? You're on their side! You call yourself the Cat-â€Å" Rashel clamped a hand over her mouth. â€Å"Listen to me,† she hissed. Her heart was pounding. All the girls around her were staring and she expected to hear the cellar door open at any moment. â€Å"Nyala, listen. I know you don't like me or trust me-but you've got to stop yelling that. We may only have one chance to get out of here.† Nyala's chest was heaving. Her eyes, the color of dark plums, stared into Rashel's. â€Å"I am a vampire hunter,† Rashel whispered, willing Nyala to believe it. â€Å"I made a mistake letting that vampire go that night†¦ I admit it. But I've been trying ever since to put things right. I got captured on purpose so I could find out what was going on here-and now I'm going to try to get all these girls free.† She spoke slowly and distinctly, hoping Nyala could sense the truth of her words. â€Å"But, Nyala, if the Night People find out I'm a vampire hunter-much less the Cat-they are going to take me out and kill me right this minute. And then I don't think the rest of you have a chance.† She stopped to breathe. â€Å"I know it's hard to trust me. But please, please try. Do you think you can do that?† A long pause. Nyala's eyes searched hers. Then, at last, Nyala nodded. Rashel took her hand off Nyala's mouth. She sat back on the bed and they stared at each other. â€Å"Thank you,† Rashel said. â€Å"I'm going to need your help.† Then she shook her head. â€Å"But how did you get here? How did you find the club?† â€Å"I didn't find any club. I went back to that street with the warehouses on Wednesday. I thought maybe the vampire might come back. And then-somebody grabbed me from behind.† â€Å"Oh, Nyala.† Wednesday night, Rashel thought. The night Daphne saw Ivan carry in a new girl and put her on a cot. That girl was Nyala. Rashel put a hand to her head. â€Å"Nyala-I almost saved you. I was there the next night-when Daphne fell out of the truck. Do you remember that? If I had only known†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Nyala wasn't listening. â€Å"Then there was this whisper in my mind, telling me to sleep. And I couldn't move-I couldn't move my arms or my legs. But I wasn't asleep. And then he carried me into a warehouse and he bit me.† Her voice was detached, almost pleasant. But her eyes froze Rashel in place. â€Å"He bit me in the neck and I knew I was going to die, just like my sister. I could feel the blood coming out. I wanted to scream but I couldn't move. I couldn't do anything.† She smiled oddly at Rashel. â€Å"I'll tell you a secret. It's still there, the bite. You can't see it, but it's still there.† She turned her head to show a smooth unblemished neck. â€Å"Oh, God, Nyala.† Rashel had felt awkward trying to make gestures of comfort with Daphne, but now she didn't think. She just grabbed Nyala and hugged her hard. â€Å"Listen to me,† she said fiercely. â€Å"I know how you feel. I mean-no, I don't know, because it hasn't happened to me. But I'm sorry. And I know how you felt when you lost your sister.† She leaned back and looked at Nyala, almost shaking her. â€Å"But we have to keep fighting. That's what's important right now. We can't let them win. Right?† â€Å"Yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Nyala looked slowly around her bed, then up at Rashel. â€Å"Yes, that's right.† Her eyes seemed to sharpen and focus. â€Å"I'm making a plan to get out of here. And you have to stay calm and help me.† â€Å"Yes.† Nyala sounded more definite this time. Then she smiled almost serenely and whispered, â€Å"And we'll get our revenge.† â€Å"Yeah.† Rashel pressed her hand. â€Å"Somehow, we will. I promise you.† She walked back to her cot feeling eyes on her, although nobody asked any questions. Her own eyes were stinging. What had happened to Nyala was her fault. The girl had already been on the edge, and because of Rashel, she'd gotten herself caught and attacked by a vampire. And now†¦ Now Rashel was worried about Nyala's sanity, even if they did manage to get off the island. She's right about one thing, though, Rashel thought. Revenge. It's the only way to wipe out the things that have been done to these girls. The fire in her chest was back-as if there were coals where her throat and heart ought to be. She let it harden her and burn away any stray thoughts of mercy for Quinn. Strange how she kept having thoughts of him, long after she'd made the resolution to kill him. â€Å"Is she okay?† Daphne said worriedly. â€Å"I remember her from the warehouse.† â€Å"I know.† Rashel took the lockpick and sat on Daphne's cot. She began to work at Daphne's shackles. â€Å"I don't know if she's okay. The vampires haven't been living in harmony with her.† She glanced bitterly at Fayth, who just looked back gravely and steadily. â€Å"Nobody thinks all the Night People are good,† Fayth said. â€Å"Or all the humans. We don't approve of violence. We want to stop it all.† â€Å"Well, sometimes it takes violence to stop violence,† Rashel said shortly. Fayth didn't answer. â€Å"But why was she calling you a cat?† Daphne asked. Rashel could feel Fayth's gaze on her. â€Å"The Cat. It's the name of a vampire hunter, one who's killed a lot of vampires.† Daphne's dark blue eyes widened slightly. â€Å"Is it you?† Rashel sprung a lock. Somehow, with these two girls staring at her, she didn't feel quite so brash as she had a moment ago. She didn't feel terribly proud of being the Cat. Without looking up, she said, â€Å"Yes.† Then she glanced behind her at Fayth. Fayth said nothing. â€Å"There's going to be more killing before this is all done,† Rashel said. â€Å"And I can't think of anybody who deserves it more than the vampires who brought us here. So you let me take care of that, and we won't argue about it. All right?† She sprung the other lock on Daphne's shackles. Daphne immediately stretched her legs luxuriously, then swung them to the floor. Fayth just nodded slowly. â€Å"All right, then. Listen. The first thing we've got to do is get these girls organized.† Rashel moved to work on Fayth's chains. â€Å"You're both good talkers. I want the two of you to go around and talk to them individually. I want to know who's going to be able to help us and who's still under mind control. I want to know who's going to be a problem. And I especially want to know who has any experience with boats.† â€Å"Boats?† Fayth said. â€Å"No place on this island is safe. We have to get off. There are four boats in the harbor right now- if we can just find somebody to handle them.† She looked from Daphne to Fayth. â€Å"I want you to bring me back at least two sensible girls who have some chance of not sinking a powerboat. Got it?† Daphne and Fayth glanced at each other. They nodded. â€Å"Right, boss,† Daphne murmured, and they started off. Rashel sat, weighing a chain in her hand and thinking. There was no need to tell Daphne-yet-that she didn't plan to ship out with the boats. Half an hour later Daphne and Fayth stood before her beaming. At least Daphne was beaming; Fayth was wearing that grave smile that was starting to drive Rashel crazy. â€Å"Allow me to introduce Annelise,† Daphne said, leading Rashel to a cot. â€Å"Originally a native of Denmark. She's done the race circuit in Antigua-whatever that means. Anyway, she says she can handle a boat.† The girl in the cot was one of the oldest there, eighteen or nineteen. She was blond, long-legged, and built like a Valkyrie. Rashel liked her at once. â€Å"And this is Keiko over here,† Fayth said in her simple way. â€Å"She's young, but she says she grew up around boats.† This one Rashel wasn't so sure about. She was tiny, with hair like black silk and a rosette mouth. She looked like a collector's doll. â€Å"How old are you?† â€Å"Thirteen,† Keiko said softly. â€Å"But I was born on Nantucket. My parents have a Ciera Sunbridge. I think I can do what you're asking-it's just the navigation that worries me.† â€Å"There isn't anybody else,† Daphne stage-whispered in Rashel's ear. â€Å"So my advice is we trust the kid.† â€Å"I think the navigation will be straight west,† Rashel said. She smiled reassuringly at Keiko. â€Å"Anyway, even the open ocean will be safer than here.† She gestured to Daphne and Fayth to come back to their corner. â€Å"Okay. Good job. You're right about trusting the kid; I don't think we have any other choice. We definitely need two boats for all these girls. What else did you find out?† â€Å"Well, the ones that are still under mind control are the ones that came with us,† Daphne said. â€Å"Juanita and Missy. And the one that might cause trouble is your buddy Nyala. She's not completely hinged, if you know what I mean.† Rashel nodded. â€Å"The mind control may be a problem-how long did it take to wear off the others, Fayth?† â€Å"A day or so after they came in. But that's not the only problem, Rashel. Annelise and Keiko think they can handle the boats-but not tonight. Not until tomorrow.† â€Å"We can't wait until tomorrow,† Rashel said impatiently. â€Å"That's cutting it way too fine.† â€Å"I don't think we have a choice. Rashel, all these girls are tranquilized. Drugged.† Rashel blinked. â€Å"How-?† She shut her eyes. â€Å"Oh.† â€Å"The food,† Fayth said, as Rashel nodded in resignation. â€Å"I realized right off that there was something in it. I think most of the girls know-and they'd rather be tranquilized than think about what's happening to them.† Rashel rubbed her forehead wearily. No wonder the girls hadn't asked her any questions. No wonder they weren't all screaming their heads off. They were doped to the gills. â€Å"From now on we've got to keep them from eating,† she said. â€Å"They need clear heads if we're going to escape.† She looked at Fayth. â€Å"Okay. We wait. But that's going to make everything more dangerous. How often do they bring food in here?† â€Å"Twice a day. Late morning and around eight at night. And then they take us to the bathroom two by two.† â€Å"Who does it?† â€Å"Rudi. Sometimes he has another werewolf with him.† Daphne bit her lip anxiously. â€Å"Are we equipped for werewolves?† Rashel smiled. Holding her knife, she pulled the decorative knob at the end of the sheath. It came off, revealing a metal blade. She reversed the knob and stuck it in the end of the sheath, so the blade stuck out like a bayonet. The hard wooden sheath itself was now a weapon. â€Å"The blade is silver-coated steel,† she said in satisfaction. â€Å"We are equipped for werewolves.† â€Å"You see?† Daphne said to Fayth. â€Å"This girl thinks of everything.† Rashel put the knife away. â€Å"All right. Let's talk to everybody again. I want to explain my plan. When we do this tomorrow night, it's going to take cooperation and precision.† And, she thought, a lot of luck. â€Å"Chow time!† Rudi walked between the rows of cots, tossing packages from a plastic bag to either side of him. He looked, Rashel thought, exactly like a trainer throwing herring to seals. She scanned the aisle behind him. No other werewolf at the door. Good. It had been a long night and a longer day. The girls were dizzy from lack of food, keyed up, and getting more tense with each untranquilized hour. A couple of them couldn't seem to shake their first impression of Rashel-which had come from Nya-la's yelling. â€Å"Eat up, girlies. Got to keep up your strength.† A slightly warm foil package hit Rashel's lap, another hit the mattress. Same thing as brunch-hot dogs of the kind you get at a convenience store. Smeared with mustard and drugs. The girls had been surviving on the grapefruit juice he'd poured for them. As Rudi turned to throw a package to Juanita, Rashel rose smoothly from her cot. In one motion she leaped and came down right on target. â€Å"Don't make a sound,† she said in Rudi's ear. â€Å"And don't even think about changing.† She had his arm twisted behind his back and the silver knife to his throat. Rudi didn't seem to know how he'd gotten there. There were hot dogs all over the floor. â€Å"Now,† Rashel said. â€Å"Let's talk about jujitsu. This is what you call a proper hold. Resistance to it will cause serious pain and quite possibly a fractured joint. Are you getting this, Rudi?† Rudi wiggled a little and Rashel exerted pressure upward on his knuckles. Rudi yelped and danced on his toes. â€Å"Hush! What I want to know is, where is the other werewolf?† â€Å"Guarding the dock.† â€Å"Who else is on the dock?† â€Å"I-nobody.† â€Å"Is there anybody on the stairs or in the kitchen? Don't lie to me, Rudi, or I'll get annoyed.† â€Å"No. They're all in the gathering room.† Rashel nodded at Daphne. Daphne jumped out of her bed. â€Å"Remember-quick and quiet everybody,† she said, like a cheerleader who'd been promoted to drill sergeant. Rashel felt Rudi boggle as every girl in the room kicked off her covers and stood up free. â€Å"What the-what the-â€Å" â€Å"Now, Rudi.† Keeping his elbow trapped against her, Rashel exerted pressure again, moving him easily in the direction she wanted. â€Å"You go first. You're going to unlock the top door for us.† â€Å"Annelise and Keiko in front,† Daphne said. â€Å"Missy right here. Let's go.† â€Å"I can't unlock it. I can't. They'll kill me,† Rudi muttered, as Rashel moved him up the stairs. â€Å"Rudi, look at these young women.† Rashel swung him around so he had a good view of the prisoners behind him. They stood in one tense, dear-eyed, lightly breathing mass. â€Å"Rudi, if you don't unlock that door, I am going to tie you up and leave you alone with them†¦ and this silver knife. I promise, whatever the vampires do to you won't be worse.† Rudi stared at the girls, who stared back at him. All ages, all sizes, united. â€Å"I'll unlock the door.† â€Å"Good boy.† He fumbled getting the door open. When it was done, Rashel pushed him through first, looking tensely around. If there were vampires here, she had to change tactics fast. The kitchen was empty-and music was blasting from somewhere inside the house. Rashel gave a quick savage grin. It was a lucky break she wouldn't have dared to pray for. The music might just save these girls' lives. She pulled Rudi out of the way and nodded to Daphne. Daphne stood at the head of the stairs, silently waving the girls out. Fayth led the way with the Valkyrie Annelise and the tiny Keiko behind her. The other girls hurried past, and Rashel was proud of how quiet they were. â€Å"Now,† she whispered, pushing Rudi back into the stairwell. â€Å"One last question. Who's throwing the bloodfeast?† Rudi shook his head. â€Å"Who hired you? Who bought the slaves? Who's the client, Rudi?† â€Å"I don't know! I'm telling you! Nobody knows who hired us. It was all done on the phone!† Rashel hesitated. She wanted to keep questioning him-but right now the important thing was to get the girls off the island. Daphne was still waiting in the kitchen, watching Rashel. Rashel looked at her and then helplessly at Rudi's bushy brown head. She should kill him. It was the only smart thing to do, and it was what she'd planned to do. He was a conspirator in the plan to brutally murder twenty-four teenage girls-and he enjoyed it. But Daphne was watching. And Fayth would give her that look if she heard Rashel had done him in. Rashel let out her breath. â€Å"Sleep tight,† she said, and hit Rudi on the head with the hilt of her knife. He slumped unconscious and she shut the cellar door on him. She turned quickly to Daphne. â€Å"Let's go.† Daphne almost skipped ahead of her. They went out the back door and picked up the hiking path. Rashel moved swiftly, loping across the beaten-down wild grass. She caught up to the string of girls. â€Å"That's it, Missy,† she whispered. â€Å"Nice and quiet. Nyala, you're limping; does your leg hurt? A little faster, everybody.† She made her way up to the front. â€Å"Okay, Annelise and Keiko. When we get there, I'll take care of the guard. Then you know what to do.† â€Å"Find which boats we can handle. Destroy whatever we can on the others and set them adrift. Then each take half the girls and head west,† Annelise said. â€Å"Right. If you can't make it to land, do your best and then call the Coast Guard.† â€Å"But not right away,† Keiko put in. â€Å"Lots of islanders use ship-to-shore radio instead of telephones. The vampires may be monitoring it.† Rashel squeezed her shoulder. â€Å"Smart girl. I knew you were right for the job. And remember, if you do call the Coast Guard, don't give the right name of the boat and don't mention this island.† It was perfectly possible that there were Night People in the Coast Guard. They were almost at the bottom of the cliff, and so far no alarms had sounded. Rashel scanned the moving group again, then became aware that Daphne was behind her. â€Å"Everything okay?† â€Å"So far,† Daphne said breathlessly. She added, â€Å"You're good at this, you know. Encouraging them and all.† Rashel shook her head. â€Å"I'm just trying to keep them together until they're not my problem anymore.† Daphne smiled. â€Å"I think that's what I just said.† The wharf was below them, the boats bobbing quietly. The ocean was calm and glassy. Silver moonlight gave the scene a postcard look. Ye Olde Quaint Marina, Rashel thought. She loped to the front again. â€Å"Stay behind me all of you.† She added to Daphne, â€Å"I'll show you what I'm good at.† A few feet of rocks and sand and she was on the wharf. Eyes on the shack, knife ready, she moved silently. She wanted to take care of the werewolf without noise, if possible. Then a dark shape came hustling out of the shack into the moonlight. It took one look at Rashel and threw back its head to howl.

Lord of the flies research

There are certain aspects of society that are questioned, and some of which, cannot be easily rationalized or clarified completely. An example of this would be the contemplation of the human nature of mankind. The question lingers, and is often examined in attempt to determine if mankind is originally good, or evil. Different opinions arise through a vast range of viewpoints pondering this topic. William Gilding wrote the novel, The Lord of the Flies with intention to show the corruption in society and failings of human nature as a whole.Gilding uses various literary devices to demonstrate what he viewed as the flaws of human nature. Through observance of the boys' behavior on the island, and changes made throughout the novel, one can see that man is naturally born good with evil that is eventually portrayed as corruption in society progresses. In the novel, competition for power is heavily shown through the characters. Due to the situation the boys are faced with, it is evident that corruption in society is likely to occur as each of them attempt to survive in unity.Jean-Jacques Rousseau emphasizes a widespread habit of blaming society for the evil deeds of people. He supports the idea of man initially born good with evil within because he believes that society is the real presence of the devil itself. Additionally, one can further understand through observance of characters that the boys each represented a vital part to society. As their society deteriorates, the boys also begin to lose their morals and eventually become more barbaric and ruthless. Transformations clearly occur within themselves, and the evil that was present in them all along begins to come through.The theory that man is born good with evil that is eventually portrayed as corruption in society progresses, can be verified by examining several points. They include, Rousseau outlook on the nature of man wanting to be a savage, and examination of young adults in today's influenced society. Prima rily, there have been past opinions on the topic of whether man is inherently born good or evil. Jean- Jacques Rousseau, an 18th century Geneva philosopher, believed that man was naturally born good. It was his theory that included a widespread blaming of society for the evil wrongdoings of people.Specifically, he states, â€Å"God makes all things good; man meddles with them and they become evil. † (Г?mile Introduction, 1762) In simpler terms, Rousseau is expressing his idea of man being naturally pure and innocent until the malevolent deeds of man in society corrupts him to becoming evil. Additionally, Rousseau states, â€Å"The world of ordinary human beings contains nothing beautiful†¦ It is created by society; the real presence of the devil. â€Å"(New Criterion, October, 1998) He goes as far as comparing society to the devil, which is a malevolent and a hell-like comparison.Rousseau theory greatly emphasizes that society is the preeminent blame to the evil th at is present in our society. Not only are there logical reasons from famous philosophers of past centuries, but commoners criticizing today's youth. An example includes, the difference in ways young adults present themselves today as oppose to years passed. One can agree that man has naturally good intentions and does not strive to harm others. Although this may be true, evil can be seen in the light of one's personality and appearance. Specifically, modern reality TV shows have been accused of depraving today's young adult population.A young author states, â€Å"Reality shows portray continuous partying, drinking, and promiscuity as the only way to have fun†¦ As young teenagers see this, they begin to make the wrong decisions and revolve their lives around idols of luxury. † She is clearly stating that because that show is presented to teens, the message that emulating the corrupted actions and appearance is what is socially acceptable to the world. Usually this change is seen as a rather negative one, regarding the fact and observing of what is socially accepted today both appearance and personality wise.This helps us analyze the fact that man is born good and is solely influenced by certain aspects of society because it is common for one to change his actions or appearance for what is currently popular and accepted. Through Rousseau theory and the young authors input, it is clear to see that man would have kept the goodness that is naturally in him if it wasn't for the negative prospects in society. The Lord of the Flies, written by William Gilding, portrays clear examples of how man is naturally born good but turns evil due to corruption in society.Predominantly, the sys all experience chaotic situations that lead them to a change in character, some more than others. The book does not start off with these situations but instead, displays the goodness that lies within each individual. As the novel progresses, it is clear to see how certain char acters undergo a transformation from good to evil resulting from their depraved society. Primarily, when the boys all meet for the first time, they all agreed that it was imperative to maintain order. Ralph first displays leadership when he says, â€Å"We've got to have special people for looking after the fire, NY day there may be a ship out there†¦ E ought to have more rules. † (Gilding 42) This clearly shows the goodness that lies in the boys as they are showing their want to maintain order for the best chance of survival. Not only does Ralph show signs of rationale, but Jack does also. He states, â€Å"l agree with Ralph. We've got to have rules and obey them. After all, we're not savages. We're English, and the English are best at everything. So we've got to do the right things. † (Gilding 42) Jack is depicting his goodness by offering some motivation to the boys and saying that they are better Han savages and meant to do the right things as Englishmen.Also, both Jack and Ralph are two of the oldest on the island, and they are undoubtedly taking on the majority of responsibility for the sake of everyone's survival. Both of them display signs of goodness because taking control and striving for unity are acts of benevolence and selflessness. There is an amount of time that passes where the boys are working together, creating more rules, and establishing a small civilization. Although this occurs, corruption within their society begins to arise. Jack and Ralph become increasingly frustrated.In the beginning of chapter 3 of the novel, Jack displays signs of annoyance during a hunting session as he let out his breath in a long sigh after not catching anything. When Jack returned to camp, he finds Ralph in a state of grievance as well. Ralph shows his signs of frustration by frowning and ranting about how all the boys previously agreed to help build shelters, but Simon was the only one who put in the time and effort. The corruption is shown h ere as Jack and his team have failed to obtain meat and how the boys did not follow through with helping, and are instead, playing, or bathing in the ocean.With the lack of unity, and the buildup of dissatisfaction intensifying amongst their group, it is clear to understand how evil and wrongdoings are likely to occur. By chapter 8 of the novel, the boys hold an assembly where Simon attempts to explain that the boys themselves, or something inherent in human nature, could be the beast they fear. Jacks transition from good to evil also becomes apparent first. Although Simony's theory was rejected, the conversation creates an interesting reaction from Jack. Jack combatively disputes Rally's authority and says, â€Å"Bollocks to the rules!We're strong- e hunt! (Gilding 91) and follows by leading a tribal dance with the boys. Gilding describes the boys' reaction as immediately being full of â€Å"noise and excitement, scrambling, screaming and laughter. † (Gilding 91-92) This cl early shows the boys agreement and enthusiasm from being introduced by something other than remaining calm and civilized. Evil is becoming more apparent as the boys are slowly drifting away from an orderly civilization and becoming influenced by Jacks vicious sacraments.By chapter 8 of the novel, even those who seemed to resist Jacks influence become more and more corrupt. Ralph, the boy who wanted to maintain constant order, reacts differently to their next pig dance. Gilding includes his feelings as, â€Å"Ralph too was fighting to get near, to get a handful of that brown, vulnerable flesh. The desire to squeeze and hurt was over-mastering†. (Gilding 104) Evil is even portrayed through Ralph as he is mindfully expressing his desire to harm another living thing. Ralph evidently shows his loss of morals and transformation due to the other boys' actions and malfeasance.As the dances continue, it is evident that they are becoming more atrocious and brutal. Evil is definitely po rtrayed through violence. Lastly, the boys display a clear act of evil by killing Simon for no apparent reason. In the moment of extreme chaos and excitement, the boys lost their self- control and beat Simon to death. What started out as a â€Å"game†, turned into mindless murder. It is also obvious to be classified as evil because no one in the moment attempted to stop it; they have been clearly brainwashed by their surroundings and have lost their original morals.The boys show a clear transition from good to evil by the corruption that occurred in the society. The boys being alone with no adults left them with a challenge of not only maintaining order in a civilization, but keeping their sanity as well. Through the examples of how they were eager to survive in the beginning, but them progressively losing sight of what's right versus wrong, shows that man is born naturally born good, but turned evil by the corruption that takes place within society.It is conspicuously seen t hrough the novel that the boys who were naturally good, transformed into evil beings due to their society. Through the criticism of certain symbols and characters, the theory is further proved. Gilding conveys many of his main ideas and themes through symbolic characters and objects. A common criticism of the conch has to do with what it actually symbolizes. An example includes, â€Å"At the beginning, the conch becomes a really powerful symbol for law, order and civilization. As the boys are slowly descending into savagery, the conch loses its influence among them.With Piggy's death the conch gets also crushed, signifying that civilization has been abolished, because almost all the boys have turned savage. † (Titian L) She is supporting the theory by describing how powerful a symbol the conch was. In summary, the conch was declared a symbol of civilization and order; it was an item the boys obeyed as if it was a living being. Once the conch was destroyed, it symbolized how t heir civilization failed, how the boys became savages, and how all order was lost. Since the boys eventually disregarded Rally's authority, Jack proved that he was of more importance and power.The criticism of Jacks character includes how he transformed from a motivator and role model for the boys, to an evil and malevolently-motives dictator. It has been said, â€Å"Jack soon challenges Rally's authority; the boys who follow Jack hunt the island's lid pigs for meat and for the thrill of the chase and the kill. † (Acidosis) In attempt by Jack to gain all control, he leads a hunt not only for pigs, but Just for the thrill. The fact that Jack has brainwashed almost all of the boys to killing Just for fun represents the idea that corruption in society turns man evil.Their continuous lack of order, and unity on the island allowed them to think that chaos and occasional malevolence was acceptable. Both symbolism and Jacks character represent the transformation from good to evil in one example. Further examination of Jacks character and the homeboys he portrays is seen when, â€Å"He looked in astonishment, no longer at himself but at an awesome stranger the mask was a thing on its own, behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness† (Hardwood) Jacks character is being described as being transformed completely; he is free from any shame and worry.The painted mask on his face represents the wildness that has taken over him. The mask represents the newfound savagery he and his followers are a part of. Jack used to be enthusiastic about hunting and working together for survival purposes, UT his evil character is shown when he becomes more infatuated with the fun of harming others and abusing power. Through observance of the criticisms above, it is simple to understand how Gilding included a progressive corruption in society using symbols, and characterization.Consequently, the theory that man is born good with evil that is eventually p ortrayed due to society, is proved prominent in the novel. The theory that man is born good with evil that results from corruption in society can be rationalized by the understanding of certain concepts. General understanding of days society and what is currently influencing it can give background knowledge of this belief. Through Jean-Jacques Rousseau claim, William Gildings novel, The Lord of the Flies, and deeper analysis and criticism, one can grasp this idea.Gilding and Rousseau both examine the idea of society being a strong influence with behavior. They both make similar comparisons that deal with the devil and evil in general. Rousseau straightforwardly said that society was the devil itself, while Gilding included a symbol of the devil through the beast in his allegoric novel. Both include owe there is a strong potential for transformation from good to evil and it is evident through the Jacks transformation and Rousseau philosophical reasoning.Gilding also carried symbols o f high importance throughout the novel. The conch, for example, was the key to civilization. Once it was destroyed, it corresponded to how the boys did not succeed in unity. Through acknowledgment of Rousseau theory, Gildings purpose of depicting certain symbols and characters, and other supporting criticisms, it is evident to see that man is born pure and good until the depraved, rounding society begins to take hold and create a change for the worse.

Joan Beaufort, Ancestress of Royals

Joan Beaufort, Ancestress of Royals Joan Beaufort Facts Known for: a legitimized daughter of Katherine Swynford and John of Gaunt, one of Edward IIIs sons, Joan Beaufort was an ancestor of Edward IV, Richard III, Henry VIII, Elizabeth of York, and Catherine Parr. She is an ancestor of todays British royal family.  Occupation: English noblewomanDates: about 1379 - November 13, 1440 Joan Beaufort Biography: Joan Beaufort was one of four children born to Katherine Swynford, John of Gaunts mistress at the time. Joans maternal aunt Philippa Roet was married to Geoffrey Chaucer. Joan and her three older brothers were acknowledged as their fathers children even before her parents married in 1396. In 1390, Richard II, her cousin, declared Joan and her brothers legitimate. In the decade that followed, records show that her half-brother, Henry, gave gifts to her, acknowledging their relationship. Joan had been betrothed to Sir Robert Ferrers, an heir to Shropshire estates, in 1386, and the marriage took place in 1392. They had two daughters, Elizabeth and Mary, probably born in 1393 and 1394. Ferrers died in 1395 or 1396, but Joan was not able to gain control of the Ferrers estates, which Elizabeth Boteler, Robert Ferrers mother, controlled. In 1396, after her parents married, a papal bull was obtained legitimizing the four Beaufort children including Joan, the youngest. The next year, a royal charter was presented to Parliament which then confirmed the legitimization. Henry IV, half-brother to the Beauforts, later amended the legimitization act without approval of parliament, to state that the Beaufort line was ineligible to inherit the crown of England. On February 3, 1397 (old style 1396), Joan married the recently-widowed Ralph Neville, then Baron Raby. The papal bull of legitimization probably arrived in England shortly after the marriage, and the act of parliament followed. The year after their marriage, Neville became the Earl of Westmorland. Ralph Neville was among those who helped Henry IV depose Richard II (Joans cousin) in 1399. Joans influence with Henry is attested to by some appeals for support by others addressed to Joan. Joan had fourteen children by Neville, many of whom were important in the years ahead. Joans daughter Mary from her first marriage married the junior Ralph Neville, her husbands second son from his first marriage. Joan was apparently educated, as history records her being in possession of a number of books. She also had a visit in about 1413 from the mystic Margery Kempe, who later was accused of meddling in the marriage of one of Joans daughters. In 1424, Joans daughter Cecily was married to Richard, Duke of York, a ward of Joans husband. When Ralph Neville died in 1425, Joan was made Richards guardian until he attained his majority. After her husbands 1425 death, his title passed to his grandson, yet another Ralph Neville, son of his eldest son by his first marriage, John Neville who had married Elizabeth Holland. But the elder Ralph Neville had ensured by his later will that most of his estates passed to his children by Joan, with a good part of the estate in her hands. Joan and her children fought legal battles over may years with that grandson over the estate. Joans eldest son by Ralph Neville, Richard, inherited most of the estates. Another son, Robert Neville (1404 - 1457), with the influence of Joan and her brother Cardinal Henry Beaufort, gained important appointments in the church, becoming bishop of Salisbury and bishop of Durham. His influence was important in the battles over inheritance between Joans Neville children and her husbands first family. In 1437, Henry VI (grandson of Joans half-brother Henry IV) granted Joans petition to establish a daily celebration of mass at her mothers tomb at Lincoln Cathedral. When Joan died in 1440, she was buried next to her mother, and her will also specified that the tomb be enclosed. The tomb of her second husband, Ralph Neville, includes the effigies of both of his wives lying beside his own effigy, though neither of these wives are buried with him. The tombs of Joan and her mother were seriously damaged in 1644 during the English Civil War. Joan Beauforts Legacy Joans daughter Cecily was married to Richard, Duke of York, who contended with Henry VI for the crown of England. After Richard was killed in battle, Cecilys son, Edward IV, became king. Another of her sons, Richard of Gloucester, later became king as Richard III. Joans grandson Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, was a central figure in the Wars of the Roses. He was known as the Kingmaker for his role in supporting Edward IV in winning the throne from Henry VI; he later switched sides and supported Henry VI in winning (briefly) the crown back from Edward. Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth of York married Henry VII Tudor, making Joan Beaufort the 2 times great grandmother of Henry VIII. Henry VIIIs last wife, Catherine Parr, was a descendant of Joans son Richard Neville. Joans eldest daughter, Katherine Neville, was known for being married four times, and surviving all four husbands. She survived even the last, in what was called at the time the diabolical marriage to John Woodville, a brother of Edward IVs wife Elizabeth Woodville, who was 19 years old when he married the wealthy widow Katherine who was then 65. Background, Family: Mother:  Katherine Swynford, mistress of John of Gaunt at the time of Joans birth, and later his wife and Duchess of LancasterFather: John of Gaunt, a son of Edward III of England and his wife,  Philippa of HainaultSiblings:John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset.   His son John was the father of  Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII, the first Tudor kingCardinal Henry BeaufortThomas Beaufort, Duke of ExeterHalf-siblings, by her fathers earlier marriages:Philippa of Lancaster, Queen of PortugalElizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of ExeterHenry IV of EnglandCatherine of Lancaster, Queen of Castile Marriage, Children: Husband: Robert Ferrers, 5th Baron Boteler of Wem, marrried 1392Children:Elizabeth Ferrers (married John de Greystoke, 4th baron Greystoke)Mary Ferrers (married Ralph Neville, her stepbrother, son of Ralph Neville and his first wife Margaret Stafford)Husband:  Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, married February 3, 1396/97Children:Katherine Neville (married (1) John Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk; (2) Sir Thomas Strangways, (3) John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont; (4) Sir John Woodville, a brother of  Elizabeth Woodville)Eleanor Neville (married (1) Richard Le Despenser, 4th Baron Burghersh; (2) Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland)Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury (married Alice Montacute, Countess of Salisbury; among his sons was Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, the Kingmaker, father of  Anne Neville, Queen of England, and Isabel Neville)Robert Neville, Bishop of DurhamWilliam Neville, 1st Earl of KentCecily Neville  (married Richard, 3rd Duke of York: t heir children included Edward IV, father of Elizabeth of York; Richard III who married Anne Neville; George, Duke of Clarence, who married Isabel Neville)George Neville, 1st Baron LatimerJoan Neville, a nunJohn Neville (died in childhood)Cuthbert Neville (died in childhood)Thomas Neville (died in childhood)Henry Neville (died in childhood)

The American Civilian and the Right to Bear Arms Essays

The American Civilian and the Right to Bear Arms Essays The American Civilian and the Right to Bear Arms Essay The American Civilian and the Right to Bear Arms Essay para. 3). Most states, allow individuals the right to carry firearms. An individual may carry the firearm in what is called open carry or concealed carry. Open carry requires the individuals carrying the firearm to have it visible to those around him or her. Concealed carry requires the firearm to remain concealed on a person. Most states allow concealed carrying as long as the individual has completed the required courses. By completing these courses, an individual is given concealed carry permit. Regulations and standards hange from state to state for acquiring this permit. Is it Constitutional for a state to require a permit, carry a concealed firearm? In an article written by R. A. Levy in 2009, he states â€Å"Washington retains the ability to regulate the manner of carrying handguns, prohibit the carrying of handguns in specific, narrowly defined sensitive places, prohibit the carrying of arms that are not within the scope of Second Amendment protection, and disqualify specific, particularly dangerous individuals from carrying handguns. † (Levy, 2009, p. 1, para. ) At the present time, to carry a concealed firearm, an individual is required to have a permit. In the state of Utah, there has been a movement to eliminate the permit requirement. Utah is attempting to remove this requirement, following in the footsteps of Alaska, who has already removed this requirement. Republican Stephen Sandstrom, R-Orem, Utah, is leading this movement to remove the concealed carry permit requirement and states, â€Å"He is meeting with gun-rights advocates and plans a bill for consideration in the next legislative session. â€Å"He claim s wide support among House colleagues, and Rep. Curtis Oda, R-Clearfield, is one of the likely co-sponsors† (B. Loomis, 2010). Conclusion The path to a safer society is a well-educated public with the ability to arm and protect themselves. Like it or not, this is one of the rights we as American citizens have and hold dear. Similar to the right of free speech, the right to bear arms should be embraced and protected. The government may regulate this right, by requiring permits and education, but cannot take the right from the average American citizen. The right to bear arms; however, may be stripped as a result of past behavior, current citizenship status, criminal record, and a number of other reasons. References Government Printing Office. (November 1, 1996 ). The Constitution of the United States of America. Retrieved from gpoaccess. gov/constitution/html/amdt2. html Levy, R. A. (2009). Gun Owners Next Victory in D. C.. CATO Institute. Retrieved from cato. org/pub_display. php? pub_id=10504amp;utm_source=feedburneramp;utm_medium=feedamp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+CatoRecentOpeds+(Cato+Recent+Op-eds) Loomis, B. (2010). Concealed guns for (almost) everyone. Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved from sltrib. com/sltrib/home/49849261-76/permit-gun-utah-concealed. html. csp Lott, John R. Jr. (1999), American Experiment Quarterly: More Guns, Less Crime americanexperiment. org/uploaded/files/aeqv2n2lott. pdf Mount, S. (2010). Constitutional Topic: The Second Amendment. Retrieved from usconstitution. net/consttop_2nd. html Utah State Legislature. (2003). Utah Code. Retrieved from http://le. utah. gov/~code/TITLE76/htm/76_10_050300. htm

Psychology Experiment on learning by doing vs learning by viewing Essay

Psychology Experiment on learning by doing vs learning by viewing - Essay Example study that targets the determination of the learning theories and techniques specifically the comparative analysis of the experiments and empirical data related to the educational psychology of the techniques such as learning by doing and learning by viewing. The results of the studies that had been chosen are then analyzed and reviewed. I. One of the studies that became the focus of the research and review undertaken is the research conducted by Stull and Mayer on the comparative analysis of the two types of learning process through the comparison of the graphic organizers in materials that are studied. The main objective of the study is to be able to determine which of the said methods are more effective in achievement of understanding of the learners (Stull and Mayer 808). The main hypothesis of the study undertaken is determination if the graphic organizers that are established by the students are more effective in retaining studied concept more than the prepared ones. The said hypothesis had been tested by conducting three (3) set-ups for experimentation, thus, the main methodology used is experimental research. The set-ups differed in the number of the author-provided graphic organizers and the items that students are needed to construct graphic organizers for. The first set up can be considered the most complex, and complexity decreases towards the third set-up. The complexity level had been the independent variable which was measured through the number of items provided. The 1st set-up which is of the highest complexity is composed of 27 author-provided organizers and also items that students need to construct their own. On the 2nd and 3rd set-ups 18 and 10 of each type are made respectively. Basically, the variables had been designed and defined on the basis of the cognitive theory of learning. This can be attributed to the fact that the skills that are required in the analysis, understanding and construction of graphic organizers in

Policy Development paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Policy Development - Term Paper Example Domestic Violence is one form of Interpersonal violence which is defined as violence committed by a person or persons inside a home against Elderly, young adult, intimate partner or children by another member of the same family. (Hayes-Bautista, Schink and Chapa, 2005) However, US Criminal Justice Policy only includes criminal murder or attempt of murder, forced or simple physical attack, sexual harassment, and burglary as violent crimes under the criminal codes. Most commonly their own children or children of their children abuse elders of the family. (De- Chesnay, Mary, 2008) Sometimes the poor health of older adults disturbs other members of the family as they become bound to listen to music in a low volume. As older people stay inside all the times so they don’t let others watch television channels of their own choice, which annoys other members of the family. Most of the older members of the family walk and talk slowly that also bothers others. Particularly in the case of violence against the elderly, lots of people agree to include emotional or mental abuse and neglect as a type of violence even if there is no existence of physical force. (Kilpatrick and Acierno, 2003) This is true that that mental or emotional abuse or neglect is ethically wrong and can prove to be extremely harmful to the elderly. Though, the main focus of this paper will be the US Government Policy for Elderly Abuse and Domestic Violence. Since the main objective of this document is to talk about US policy for Domestic Violence against Elderly it will be useful to first define public policy. Public Policy is defined as a group of laws, dictatorial measures, courses of acts, and financial support priorities in relation to a given issue that is publicized by a legislative body or its representatives. (Davidhizar & Shearer, 1999). Any policy is implemented by obeying legislation and regulation. The policy has played a major role in the manner America and other nations o the world d eal with the dilemma of violence against the general public or elderly. US policy has made authorizing laws for Elderly physical or mental health issues, that also deals with the dilemma of violent crime against elderly at domestic or general level. The US Government has fixed the particular amount of funding that is spent in running programs that promotes prevention of elderly from violence at domestic or general level. Accoring to famous American Surgeon General C. Everett Koop, domestic violence is a major causative agent for poor physical or mental health problems in elderly. After his research, considerable efforts have been made to improve the usage of public health approaches and prevent the occurrence of domestic violence in adults. For a number of reasons that include major immigration flows, lower mortality, and longer life expectancy, most of the growth in America's elder population in the recent past has been driven by growth in the numbers of elderly of all nationalitie s and will continue to be so for the foreseeable future. The US Government is now showing a special interest in improving policies against Elderly Abuse. (Kilpatrick, 2003) Its main reason is, such types of crime eventually cost a lot to the society.